Zod Core

This sub-package exports the core classes and utilities that are consumed by Zod and Zod Mini. It is not intended to be used directly; instead it's designed to be extended by other packages. It implements:

import * as z from "zod/v4/core";

// the base class for all Zod schemas
z.$ZodType;

// subclasses of $ZodType that implement common parsers
z.$ZodString
z.$ZodObject
z.$ZodArray
// ...

// the base class for all Zod checks
z.$ZodCheck;

// subclasses of $ZodCheck that implement common checks
z.$ZodCheckMinLength
z.$ZodCheckMaxLength

// the base class for all Zod errors
z.$ZodError;

// issue formats (types only)
{} as z.$ZodIssue;

// utils
z.util.isValidJWT(...);

Schemas

The base class for all Zod schemas is $ZodType. It accepts two generic parameters: Output and Input.

export class $ZodType<Output = unknown, Input = unknown> {
  _zod: { /* internals */}
}

zod/v4/core exports a number of subclasses that implement some common parsers. A union of all first-party subclasses is exported as z.$ZodTypes.

export type $ZodTypes =
  | $ZodString
  | $ZodNumber
  | $ZodBigInt
  | $ZodBoolean
  | $ZodDate
  | $ZodSymbol
  | $ZodUndefined
  | $ZodNullable
  | $ZodNull
  | $ZodAny
  | $ZodUnknown
  | $ZodNever
  | $ZodVoid
  | $ZodArray
  | $ZodObject
  | $ZodUnion
  | $ZodIntersection
  | $ZodTuple
  | $ZodRecord
  | $ZodMap
  | $ZodSet
  | $ZodLiteral
  | $ZodEnum
  | $ZodPromise
  | $ZodLazy
  | $ZodOptional
  | $ZodDefault
  | $ZodTemplateLiteral
  | $ZodCustom
  | $ZodTransform
  | $ZodNonOptional
  | $ZodReadonly
  | $ZodNaN
  | $ZodPipe
  | $ZodSuccess
  | $ZodCatch
  | $ZodFile;

Internals

All zod/v4/core subclasses only contain a single property: _zod. This property is an object containing the schemas internals. The goal is to make zod/v4/core as extensible and unopinionated as possible. Other libraries can "build their own Zod" on top of these classes without zod/v4/core cluttering up the interface. Refer to the implementations of zod and zod/mini for examples of how to extend these classes.

The _zod internals property contains some notable properties:

.def — The schema's definition: this is the object you pass into the class's constructor to create an instance. It completely describes the schema, and it's JSON-serializable.
- .def.type — A string representing the schema's type, e.g. "string", "object", "array", etc.
- .def.checks — An array of checks that are executed by the schema after parsing.
.input — A virtual property that "stores" the schema's inferred input type.
.output — A virtual property that "stores" the schema's inferred output type.
.run() — The schema's internal parser implementation.

If you are implementing a tool (say, a code generator) that must traverse Zod schemas, you can cast any schema to $ZodTypes and use the def property to discriminate between these classes.

export function walk(_schema: z.$ZodType) {
  const schema = _schema as z.$ZodTypes;
  const def = schema._zod.def;
  switch (def.type) {
    case "string": {
      // ...
      break;
    }
    case "object": {
      // ...
      break;
    }
  }
}

There are a number of subclasses of $ZodString that implement various string formats. These are exported as z.$ZodStringFormatTypes.

export type $ZodStringFormatTypes =
  | $ZodGUID
  | $ZodUUID
  | $ZodEmail
  | $ZodURL
  | $ZodEmoji
  | $ZodNanoID
  | $ZodCUID
  | $ZodCUID2
  | $ZodULID
  | $ZodXID
  | $ZodKSUID
  | $ZodISODateTime
  | $ZodISODate
  | $ZodISOTime
  | $ZodISODuration
  | $ZodIPv4
  | $ZodIPv6
  | $ZodCIDRv4
  | $ZodCIDRv6
  | $ZodBase64
  | $ZodBase64URL
  | $ZodE164
  | $ZodJWT

Parsing

As the Zod Core schema classes have no methods, there are top-level functions for parsing data.

import * as z from "zod/v4/core";

const schema = new z.$ZodString({ type: "string" });
z.parse(schema, "hello");
z.safeParse(schema, "hello");
await z.parseAsync(schema, "hello");
await z.safeParseAsync(schema, "hello");

Checks

Every Zod schema contains an array of checks. These perform post-parsing refinements (and occasionally mutations) that do not affect the inferred type.

const schema = z.string().check(z.email()).check(z.min(5));
// => $ZodString

schema._zod.def.checks;
// => [$ZodCheckEmail, $ZodCheckMinLength]

The base class for all Zod checks is $ZodCheck. It accepts a single generic parameter T.

export class $ZodCheck<in T = unknown> {
  _zod: { /* internals */}
}

The _zod internals property contains some notable properties:

.def — The check's definition: this is the object you pass into the class's constructor to create the check. It completely describes the check, and it's JSON-serializable.
- .def.check — A string representing the check's type, e.g. "min_length", "less_than", "string_format", etc.
.check() — Contains the check's validation logic.

zod/v4/core exports a number of subclasses that perform some common refinements. All first-party subclasses are exported as a union called z.$ZodChecks.

export type $ZodChecks =
  | $ZodCheckLessThan
  | $ZodCheckGreaterThan
  | $ZodCheckMultipleOf
  | $ZodCheckNumberFormat
  | $ZodCheckBigIntFormat
  | $ZodCheckMaxSize
  | $ZodCheckMinSize
  | $ZodCheckSizeEquals
  | $ZodCheckMaxLength
  | $ZodCheckMinLength
  | $ZodCheckLengthEquals
  | $ZodCheckProperty
  | $ZodCheckMimeType
  | $ZodCheckOverwrite
  | $ZodCheckStringFormat

You can use the ._zod.def.check property to discriminate between these classes.

const check = {} as z.$ZodChecks;
const def = check._zod.def;

switch (def.check) {
  case "less_than":
  case "greater_than":
    // ...
    break;
}

As with schema types, there are a number of subclasses of $ZodCheckStringFormat that implement various string formats.

export type $ZodStringFormatChecks =
  | $ZodCheckRegex
  | $ZodCheckLowerCase
  | $ZodCheckUpperCase
  | $ZodCheckIncludes
  | $ZodCheckStartsWith
  | $ZodCheckEndsWith
  | $ZodGUID
  | $ZodUUID
  | $ZodEmail
  | $ZodURL
  | $ZodEmoji
  | $ZodNanoID
  | $ZodCUID
  | $ZodCUID2
  | $ZodULID
  | $ZodXID
  | $ZodKSUID
  | $ZodISODateTime
  | $ZodISODate
  | $ZodISOTime
  | $ZodISODuration
  | $ZodIPv4
  | $ZodIPv6
  | $ZodCIDRv4
  | $ZodCIDRv6
  | $ZodBase64
  | $ZodBase64URL
  | $ZodE164
  | $ZodJWT;

Use a nested switch to discriminate between the different string format checks.

const check = {} as z.$ZodChecks;
const def = check._zod.def;

switch (def.check) {
  case "less_than":
  case "greater_than":
  // ...
  case "string_format":
    {
      const formatCheck = check as z.$ZodStringFormatChecks;
      const formatCheckDef = formatCheck._zod.def;

      switch (formatCheckDef.format) {
        case "email":
        case "url":
          // do stuff
      }
    }
    break;
}

You'll notice some of these string format checks overlap with the string format types above. That's because these classes implement both the $ZodCheck and $ZodType interfaces. That is, they can be used as either a check or a type. In these cases, both ._zod.parse (the schema parser) and ._zod.check (the check validation) are executed during parsing. In effect, the instance is prepended to its own checks array (though it won't actually exist in ._zod.def.checks).

// as a type
z.email().parse("user@example.com");

// as a check
z.string().check(z.email()).parse("user@example.com")

Errors

The base class for all errors in Zod is $ZodError.

For performance reasons, $ZodError does not extend the built-in Error class! So using instanceof Error will return false.

The zod package implements a subclass of $ZodError called ZodError with some additional convenience methods.
The zod/mini sub-package directly uses $ZodError

export class $ZodError<T = unknown> implements Error {
 public issues: $ZodIssue[];
}

Issues

The issues property corresponds to an array of $ZodIssue objects. All issues extend the z.$ZodIssueBase interface.

export interface $ZodIssueBase {
  readonly code?: string;
  readonly input?: unknown;
  readonly path: PropertyKey[];
  readonly message: string;
}

Zod defines the following issue subtypes:

export type $ZodIssue =
  | $ZodIssueInvalidType
  | $ZodIssueTooBig
  | $ZodIssueTooSmall
  | $ZodIssueInvalidStringFormat
  | $ZodIssueNotMultipleOf
  | $ZodIssueUnrecognizedKeys
  | $ZodIssueInvalidUnion
  | $ZodIssueInvalidKey
  | $ZodIssueInvalidElement
  | $ZodIssueInvalidValue
  | $ZodIssueCustom;

For details on each type, refer to the implementation.